Procter and Gamble

Ecological Factors that influence Global and Domestic Marketing Decisions:- Every organization worldwide or household has outside components that exist that in the long run affect the company’s activities. A portion of these outside components can be controlled yet a bigger segment is wild but then they can be overseen as well as affected by the organization. These particular variables make up the showcasing condition in which an organization has natural factors that impact the company’s decisions.In this paper, the creator will investigate the residential and worldwide ecological components that could affect FedEx’s advertising choice. The five ecological elements that the creator will talk about are social, affordable, mechanical, serious, and administrative. Political Influence and Litigation from Responsible Shopper: â€Å"Procter and Gamble gave more than $80,000 to the Coalition Again$t the Costly Labeling Law, a gathering of organizations that neutralized Oregon’s Measure 27, which would have required the marking of GMO items sold in that state.The Coalition was fruitful in overcoming the measure. † from Greenpeace: â€Å"Procter and Gamble was among the organizations censured by Greenpeace for attempting to debilitate European laws administering hurtful synthetic concoctions in family unit items. The EU's 2003 draft enactment would have forced severe security norms, requiring organizations, for example, P to reveal and diminish the utilization of hurtful fixings in its shopper products.Greenpeace states that because of industry terrorizing and extraordinary campaigning, wellbeing guidelines were altogether watered down, putting residents at more serious danger of introduction to harmful synthetic compounds from regular items. † Guided by our Purpose, Values and Principles, P&G partakes in the political procedure to help shape open arrangement and enactment that causes us contact more lives, in more pieces of the world, all the more totally. This commitment guarantees that the interests of our representatives, buyers and investors are genuinely spoken to at all degrees of government around the world.We are focused on being straightforward about our political inclusion all around. Innovation Technology has made a significant effect in transit wherein all associations advertise their items and administrations. With the advancement of the web, organizations are currently ready to financially showcase themselves on a worldwide level. Considerably littler organizations that were once not ready to catch universal business because of the cost factor would now be able to do only that. The Washington Plaza Hotel is no exception.The inn industry in DC depends vigorously on the travel industry as a significant piece of its customer base. A large number of these visitors who visit the city are of outside nationality. It is significant that the Washington Plaza Hotel focuses on these individuals whe n showcasing the organization. In addition to the fact that they target the visitor they focus on the global business explorers that go to the city on business related excursions. The lodging's site, which gives nitty gritty data about the inn's facilities and administrations, can be gotten to by potential clients everywhere throughout the world.In expansion, the Air purifier †Febreze Deodorant †Old Spice, Secret Baby and youngster †Clearblue Easy, Dreft, Luvs, Pampers, UnderJams Batteries †Duracell Soap †Camay, Ivory, Noxzema, Olay, Safeguard, Zest Cosmetics †CoverGirl, Max Factor Dish washing †Cascade, Dawn, Joy Feminine †Always, Tampax Hair †Aussie, Frederic Fekkai, Head and Shoulders, Herbal Essences, Infusium 23, Pantene, Clairol Health †Align, Braun, Fibersure, Metamucil, Pepto-Bismol, Prilosec OTC, PUR water filtration, Vicks Household cleaning †Mr.Clean, Swiffer Laundry †Bounce sheets, Cheer, Downy, Era, Gain, Tide Oral †Crest, Fixodent, Gleem, Glide, Scope Paper †Bounty, Charmin can tissue, Puffs Pet food †Eukanuba, Iams Fragrances †Anna Sui, Baldessarini, Hugo Boss, Christina Aguilera, Escada, Giorgio Beverly Hills, Jean Patou, Lacoste, Mexx, Puma, Replay, Rochas, Tom Tailor Shaving †Braun, Gillette, SatinCare, Venus Pringles potato chips[1] [pic][pic][pic]

Business strategy report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

All the Surprises (Both Good and Bad) From This Years VIDA Count

All the Surprises (Both Good and Bad) From This Years VIDA Count I look forward to The VIDA Count every year, which basically boils down to a series of pie charts that show how many men (in red) were represented in the most influential literary journals each year vs. women (in blue). I dont look forward to it like I look forward to Christmas, because on Christmas I get to hang out with my family and open presents, and on VIDA Count Day I get to see how prejudiced and backwards and resistant to change so many literary journals are. Still there are some awesome pie charts in this years round-up. And there are some pie charts that should be so ashamed of themselves. Lets take a look at some of the best and the worst of the bunch and distribute the praise and blame accordingly. TIN HOUSE Confetti and marching bands and two dozen parade floats for Tin House. 79 women represented vs 62 men in 2013. I think sometimes people look at these stats hoping for a fifty-fifty split, but I want to see tons of magazines that skew distinctly in favor of female contributors and subjects. In three out of the four categories considered (book reviewers, bylines, and overall) women took the lead, and the male to female ratio was 12:8 when it came to authors reviewed. PARIS REVIEW The Paris Reviews numbers, according to VIDA, had previously been among the worst in our count, but this year it looks like those Bad News Bears turned their game around. Fiction and poetry skewed female, essays held even, interviews were male 2:1 and overall numbers skewed female by a single contributor. Most improved is one of the lame  awards (everyone in Little League wants MVP, of course they do, being the Most Valuable Anything is rad) but still, an award is better than no award, good job Paris Review. NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW Im not head over heels in love with these numbers (male authors reviewed outstrip female authors reviewed 482:332, their book reviewers hold a little more even at 412 male reviewers to 393 female reviewers and 1 transgender reviewers), but still, because the publication upped its female reviewers, its overall numbers are much better this year. Not good enough to win Most Improved though, NYTBR, you need to review a shit-ton more women authors to clinch that title. NEW YORK REVIEW OF BOOKS Is this a joke, NYRB? Youre about a month early for April Fools. Also, youre not supposed to do April Fools ALL YEAR LONG. Even after I wrote that very disappointed article about you for Book Riot six months ago, you still refuse to change your ways? Reviewers, authors reviewed, bylines, overall, all your pie charts look the same, which is to say they look like shit. You are a disgrace to pie charts, sirs. MCSWEENEYS This made me genuinely sad. McSweeneys is supposed to be young and cool, and these numbers are not young and cool, theyre old-white-dudes-yearning-for-a-past-that-sucked-for-everyone-who-wasnt-white-and-a-dude sad and lame. The Believers (another McSweeneys publication) are better, but theyre not THAT much better. The Believer had  an almost equal number of male/female interviewers/interviewees, but blew it hard with book reviewers and authors reviewed. And as a side note, I was incredibly unimpressed with Lucky Peachs (another McSweeneys publication) gender issue, for an issue that was supposed to rep women and men equally, that issue short-shrifted women HARD.    Unless these numbers turn around, McSweeneys is going to have to resign itself to being as hip as knee britches and powdered wigs. Did you guys take a look at this years pie charts? What are your thoughts/feelings/whateverings? _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every week. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter, like us on Facebook, , and subscribe to the Book Riot podcast in iTunes or via RSS. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day. Save Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

The Roman Empire What Went Wrong - 1253 Words

Chris Cheng CLSC 300I The Roman Empire: What went wrong? Rome was founded as a small farming town in 753 BC. It grew to a vast empire that enveloped the whole Mediterranean Sea. It spanned from the western shores of what is now Portugal, to as far as the modern day Persian Gulf to the east. It remained as the world’s largest and most powerful empire in the ancient world for about 1100 years. But by 476 AD, the stress of war and the multiple sackings of Rome proved too much for the once mighty empire. There have been many theories and debates by scholars and historians on the cause of the fall of Rome. A list of these theories was assembled by John P. Adams, a professor who taught at University of California Irvine. Some of the†¦show more content†¦Each half of the Empire also had its own emperor who controlled his own army (Dorrington; The Fall of the Western Roman Empire). How do you expect the Western Empire to survive with such a small population? How do they sustain their once powerful army to protect against i nvaders without funds? You really can’t expect good answers to these questions when such a poor decision is made. A third and important cause of the fall, the final straw that broke the camel’s back, can be atrributed to the barbarian invasions that ultimately ended the reign of the Western Empire. Facing decline in economy and the steady deterioration of the quality of life caused by the split of the Empire, unrest amongst the people broke out and civil wars erupted throughout the empire. The Roman army, which was already weakened by crisis, had their hands full fighting these wars. The Germanic tribes, such as the Vandals and Goths, seized the oppportunity and invaded and sacked Rome repeatedly, until finally capturing it in 476 AD by General Odoacer (Section 8, Damen). There are many other legitimate theories on what caused the fall of Rome. One such theory is that the Romans did not develop new technology to increase efficiency, as they relied heavily on human and animal labor (Fall of the Roman Empire). Thus, they could not keep up with the needs of the growing population. But the events I focused on,Show MoreRelatedThe Roman Empire Was At Its Height. Despite Many Historians1202 Words   |  5 Pages The Roman Empire was at its Height. Despite many historians and professors attribute the fall of the Roman empire to excess and corruption, the role of Christianity shifting power, increased technology beyond the borders of the empire, the passing of power and trade created a situation that made the fall of such a large cumbersome empire inevitable. Rome History The founder of Rome goes back to the very first early days of the civilization. It is so old it is known as the eternalRead MoreDifferences Between Christianity And Roman Religion984 Words   |  4 PagesCheyenne Pichel HI 201 Christianity vs. Roman Religion There are many differences between Christianity and Roman religion. There are also similarities between the two of how they both worshipped in a place even if the place was different. Big difference is that they believed in gods and also they had different ways of religious. Roman did not like people turning away from Roman religion, and that caused harsh punishment to Christian to occur. Christianity became popular in Rome is afterRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Essay examples1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbattles to become what it was at its height. It all started with the Punic wars. After they won, there was no stopping them. By the first century BC, Rome controlled most of the known world. (Mahoney, 2001) With Augustus Caesar began the two centuries of the Pax Romana. During this time all of Rome became a collection of states rather than conquered provinces. The only threats that ever came were from the unorganized barbarian tribes whos conquest brought nothing to the Empire. (Mahoney, 2001) Read MoreThe Roman Empires Emulation of the Greeks1597 Words   |  6 Pagesa small clan of tribesman roaming south to attack and pillage villages and Roman settlements. Roman soldiers stand guard on a stone brick wall fortified to defend from barbarians to the north and formed a place for custom and trading posts. The invaders were limited by the height of the wall, with no way to flank their positions as the fortified line separated England from the Irish Sea to the North Sea. The Roman Empire expanded past Turkey into Egypt, an immense expansion that would only be rivaledRead MoreAeneas as a Roman Hero in The Aeneid Essay637 Words   |  3 PagesAeneas as a Roman Hero in The Aeneid In Virgil’s poem, The Aeneid, the ideal Roman hero is depicted in the form of Aeneas. Not only does Aeneas represent the Roman hero, but he also represents what every Roman citizen is called to be. Each Roman citizen must posses two major virtues, he must remain pious, and he must remain loyal to the Roman race. In the poem, Aeneas encompasses both of these virtues, and must deal with both the rewards and costs of them. In the poem, Virgil saysRead MoreJustinian And The Roman Empire1477 Words   |  6 PagesByzantine Empire, though often forgotten among better-known empires, such as the Roman Empire, ran for nearly one thousand years, occupying the eastern half of what once was the Roman Empire. It engaged in trade, expansion, and decades of warfare. It also gave women a better status then men, valued and preserved Greek history, and eventually fell to the Ottomans. During the year 535, Justinian overthrew the Ostrogothic Kingdom, which had occupied Italy after the split and decline of the Roman EmpireRead MoreRome in the 3rd Century AD1216 Words   |  5 Pagesthat were once reserved to leading Roman families. Initially, some of the changes that came to the Roman Empire sound good; indeed, I’m sure many Romans sometimes felt that way. However, when looking at the overall changes and the hardships that in brought on some of its people, one begins to see a very different picture develop. In order to better understand how the 3rd century contrasts from others one needs to take a small look at what life in the Roman Empire was like for people in early and lateRead MoreWhy Did The Conspirators Justify The Murder Of Julius Caesar?1297 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing reasons: a) he wanted to be a king, b) he broke and manipulated the law, c) he went against their own people. Although they gave these reasons, the conspirators were wrong takin g into their hands the life of such as a good leader as Julius Caesar was. This essay will first, establish and explain the reasons that conspirators had to kill Julius Caesar and second, it will determinate why they were wrong when they killed Julius Caesar. Firstly, according to the conspirators, one ofRead MoreWestern Civilization By Joshua Cole And Carol Symes1521 Words   |  7 PagesRome is known for its’ empire (The Roman Empire). Rome started out small and ended up becoming this huge and undefeatable force of nature. Rome received their success by either attacking other nearby towns/neighbors or granting them treaties or citizenships. E. Badien, the author who created an article called, The Organization Of Italy, explains how Rome organized Italy, and got their neighboring cities and nations to join them and turn ancient Italy into a leading state of power. In Badien’s observationsRead MoreClaudius : The Surprise Emperor1097 Words   |  5 Pagesof the senate and went to extreme measures to try to please them. He gave up many privileges that former emperors took advantage of and always approaching the senate with respect, almost as equals. However this was not enough to please the Senate as many plots were hat ched in the senate on Claudius’ life. So Claudius used other methods to gain legitimacy. Under Claudius, the Roman Empire expanded for the first time on the scale of Augustus since then. He extended the empire s reach to the East

Identity in E.L. Doctorows Ragtime Essay example

Identity in E.L. Doctorows Ragtime Written almost thirty years ago, describing an age far removed from its own, E.L. Doctorows novel Ragtime nevertheless explores issues of identity and ethnicity that still face America in spite of its lofty ideals of individualism and diversity. It displays for the reader a rich and hypnotic portrayal of the soul of immigrant America, yet still fails to avoid ethnic bias in certain subtle ways. Whether the lapses into feelings of cultural superiority originate from the purposeful portrayal of the characters Doctorow created or without the authors conscious prior awareness, a careful reading of the text will reveal them. In this way, these same assumptions and prejudices test our†¦show more content†¦There were no immigrants (Doctorow 4). What follows quickly after is the voice of truth and reason in the text, expressed through the fictional re-representation of the anarchist Emma Goldman, who shows white culture that Apparently there were Negroes. There we re immigrants (Doctorow 5). Despite this laudable cultural advancement, the authors meaning of the term immigrant takes place within a very limited context. Asians and indigenous peoples are not invited in Ragtime; while black America is given a voice through the stubborn and noble Coalhouse and the eloquent Booker T. Washington, and the Eastern European immigrant community is given a rich and touching voice through Tateh and his daughter, Doctorow never ventured far enough along to include Asians in his spectrum of ethnic narrative. Just like the Oriental silk cushions that made Houdini feel so trapped in Fathers home, they are deprived of a true voice. Great lengths are taken by Doctorow to empathize with the Eastern European immigrant community. With great emotion, he describes Fathers impression of an immigrant ship, decidedly of a European identity because of the head shawls that the women wore (Doctorow 14). With an emotion that belies the authors role as third-person omniscient, he argues eloquently against this ethnic group being wrongly stigmatized as being lost within moralShow MoreRelatedRagtime by E.L. Doctorow1502 Words   |  6 Pagesectasy of speed.† E.L. Doctorow’s novel Ragtime, which has been adapted into a stage production as well, stands as an example of precisely this sort of text. There is the question of the association of the cultural, historical, and fictional characteristics of Ragtime that critic Brian Roberts has called the â€Å"central metaphor† of the novel. When put together with the cohesive historical narrative within the novel, the discussion reveals the ways in which Do ctorow uses Ragtime to perform a work thatRead MoreThe Poverty Balls And Evelyn And Tateh s Relationship1626 Words   |  7 Pagesso far removed from the poor that they perceived them with a sort of fascination and romanticism because they were so vastly different. I will demonstrate this through examining the poverty balls and Evelyn and Tateh’s relationship in E.L. Doctorow’s novel Ragtime. One of the first storylines introduced in the novel is the relationship between Evelyn Nesbit, Tateh, and his daughter. The sharp contrast of these characters illustrates the deep wage gap that is characteristic of this era. Evelyn isRead MoreThe Question Of Identity2144 Words   |  9 PagesLina Kim Professor Crumpler Commerce and Culture October 1st, 2014 Ragtime: The Question of Identity in Society Ragtime by E.L. Doctorow emphasizes the difference between identity and status in and outside of society by using the characters’ pursuit of self within the novel. Coalhouse Walker is the main representation of how a character’s identity is indefinitely shaped by his choices and can lead to various consequences. As Coalhouse’s personality subtly changes into a new persona, the reader slowly

The Jesuit Legacy in India Free Essays

string(84) " character of the Jesuits created a deep psychological impact on the Indian psyche\." The Jesuit Legacy in India Abstract: The Jesuits arrived in India in 1542 A. D. to carry out Christ’s command to â€Å"go and make disciples of all nations† (Matthew 28:19). We will write a custom essay sample on The Jesuit Legacy in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the last 500 years, they have woven themselves into the very fabric of India with deep psychological, theological and sociological connotations. This article tells that story; highlights some noteworthy Jesuit influences on Modern India, particularly in the fields of education, medicine, social service and leadership training amongst the youth; and, draws leadership lessons from these Jesuit achievements. The Jesuits demonstrated servant leadership, transformational leadership, and transactional leadership qualities. Without the Jesuits, the article concludes, India would be a different country. The Jesuit Legacy in India Ad majorem Dei gloriam. For the greater glory of God. That’s the motto of a religious order of men called the Society of Jesus that has quietly influenced India, and provided understated leadership to the world’s largest democracy in many positive ways deserving of recognition. The influence of the Jesuits in India extends beyond just the spread of Christianity, weaving intricate psychological, theological and sociological patterns into the very fabric of modern Indian society. Professor George Menachery – appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as member of the Pontifical Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great in early 2008, and editor of the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India and the Indian Church History Classics – writes in Volume III of the former publication: the â€Å"factor which has won the Society a lasting place in the minds of the people and in the history of the nation is the large number of spheres which it has penetrated and permeated,† and goes on to list religion, spirituality, politics, education, science, technology, meteorology, diplomacy, indology, culture, history, geography, language, literature, art, architecture, sports, medicine, healthcare, social reforms, leadership formation, tribal and aboriginal movements, and nation-building as some of the contributions of the Jesuits to modern India. Brief History The organization was founded in 1534 by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491–1556), and received papal authorization in 1540 under Pope Paul III. Amongst the original six members was St. Francis Xavier, who was an ardent missionary with the passion to take Christ’s message to the East. He arrived in India in 1542, almost fifteen centuries after St. Thomas the Apostle had brought Christianity to India. With the arrival of Xavier, began a saga of leadership by the Society of Jesus in India that continues to this day, almost 500 years later. Pre-British India The expanding influence on the Jesuits on 17th century pre-British India has been well documented by historians, among them Ellison Banks Findly, who writes in Nur Jahan, Empress of Mughal India (Oxford University Press) that Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1569-1627) granted the Jesuits many privileges, and spent â€Å"every night for one year†¦ in hearing disputation† amongst Christian and other theologians, and that his â€Å"most active interest in Christian doctrine was in the debates held at his court between the Jesuit fathers and the Muslim mullas. In fact, the Jesuit Mission of the Great Moghul was started at the request of Emperor Akbar, with Father Rudolph Acquaviva, the future Martyr, as its first Superior. The Jesuit Mission in Madura in the south was also begun at the request of the Hindu viceroy (nayakka) established in Madura, and later supported by Zulfikar Ali Khan (1690-1703), the first Nawab of the Carnatic. The Madura Mission counted among its members the celebrated Father Robert de Nobili, as well as Saint John de Britto. British India With the onset of British rule over India that effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey, the Jesuits found greater favor with the erstwhile powers. They began exerting increasing influence not only on the Christians in India, but also on the society at large. Even the Maharajas – whom the British allowed to reign as long as they paid their due taxes to the Crown – and their war councils and civil administrations, were positively influenced by the Jesuits, right from Goa to Cochin to Cape Comorin to Manapad to Mannar to Mylapore. Independent India By the time the British Empire was overthrown and independent India emerged in 1947, the Jesuits had entrenched themselves deeply into Indian society by way of leading and high-profile educational institutions, hospitals, charity organizations and other enterprises that became effective partners of the government in the young democracy in supporting growth. Professor George Menachery writes in The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India (Vol. III 2010): â€Å"the ubiquitous nature of the Society has through its varied missions become one of the most powerful influences in Indian history. Today there is hardly any Catholic ecclesiastical division in India or any revenue district in the country for that matter which does not boast some Jesuit enterprise or other, be it a school or a college, a technical training institute or an engineering establishment, a printing press or an infirmary, a seminary or a social service centre. † Psychological Influence on India Discipline positively impacted the Indian psyche The Jesuit movement gathered force right in the middle of the Catholic revival called the Counter-Reformation that began with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) as a response to the Protestant Reformation, and ended with the Thirty Years’ War in 1648. Pope Paul III (1534–1549) led the Council of Trent, and tasked the attending cardinals with institutional reform to impact ecclesiastical (or structural) reconfiguration, religious orders, spiritual movements and political dimensions of the Catholic Church. New religious orders – such as the Jesuits, Capuchins, Ursulines, Theatines, Discalced Carmelites, and the Barnabites – were a fundamental part of this movement, and Jesuits in particular, greatly bolstered rural parishes, enhanced popular piety, succeeded in constraining corruption within the church, and played an exemplary role in overall Catholic renewal. These activities extended well into India. The Jesuit charter established by St. Ignatius Loyola was dictatorial and military-like (possibly emanating from the fact that Ignatius was a soldier before he became a priest); and, this iron discipline, rigid training and resolute character of the Jesuits created a deep psychological impact on the Indian psyche. You read "The Jesuit Legacy in India" in category "Papers" Rev. Fr. Jerome Francis, a current Jesuit missionary in the Calcutta Province, opines that this perception of extreme discipline sat well with the general Indian populace and the rulers, and consequently boded well for the next phase of Jesuit growth in the country. Helped prevent Mysticism amongst Indian Christians An example of rigid and inflexible discipline can be discerned in regulations such as Rule-13 of the Jesuit Charter that said: â€Å"I will believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it† (Jesuit Political Thought: The Society of Jesus and the State by Harro Hopfl, Cambridge University Press, 2004). Ursula King writes in Christian Mystics: The Spiritual Heart of the Christian Tradition (Simon Schuster, 1998) that such rigid principles helped prevent the spread of mysticism amongst Christians in India, even while mysticism ran high in parts of Europe during the Catholic revival, with leaders like Teresa of Avila (1515-82) and John of the Cross (1542-91). The spread of mysticism made the institutional Church especially nervous because, carried to its logical conclusion, mysticism negates the need for priesthood and the sacraments. Since one of the central tenets of Hinduism is a formless God (â€Å"Thou art formless; thy only form is our knowledge of thee† – Upanishads), Christians exposed to Hindu thought were especially prone mysticism, as has been proven over and over again by later-day Christian mystics like Father Bede Griffiths (1906-1993) and Henry le Saux (1910-1973). Closer psychological integration with Hindu society The Jesuits also introduced to India the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius, which was endorsed by Pope Paul III in 1548, and exemplified the Society of Jesus in the way these exercises helped the Jesuits understand human relationship with God, and live a life of commitment to Christ. The Exercises were a set of meditations, prayers and mental exercises designed to be carried out typically over a four week period, aimed at helping individuals discern Jesus in their lives and commit to a life of service to Christ. This rigid Jesuit tradition has been compared with devotionalism, and provided close parallels to Hindu ritualistic traditions, and helped psychologically in the closer integration of the Jesuits into Hindu society. Theological Influence Setting up of Seminaries Jesuits believed in establishing seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church. Consequently, they set up several seminaries in India to dispense theological knowledge. Styled after the successful seminary of the Malankara Orthodox Church that was founded by St. Thomas, the Apostle in A. D. 52, and the Rachol Seminary founded in 1521 by the Church of Goa, the earliest Jesuit seminary was the St. Joseph’s Inter-diocesan Seminary, Mangalore established in 1763; followed by St. Joseph’s Seminary started in West Bengal in 1879; and, the Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier founded in 1887 in Pilar. Today there are at least 22 Jesuit seminaries, many of them degree granting institutions authorized by the Vatican and the government of India. The foremost example of Jesuit theological excellence is the Vidyajyoti College of Theology in Delhi that currently enrolls hundreds of students coming from some 70 religious congregations, dioceses, secular institutes and lay associations from every part of India and abroad. Setting up of Churches One of the earliest Jesuit churches was established by St. Francis Xavier himself in Tuticorin. Originally called the Jesuit Church of Saint Paul, its status was raised to that of a Basilica by Pope Paul II to mark its 400th anniversary, and is now known as the Basilica of Our Lady of the Snows, Tuticorin. St. Paul’s Churchaty in Diu on the west coast of India dates back to 1610. In all, there are over 110 Jesuit Churches in India, and these churches have always integrated well with Indian society in general, and with people from other faiths, in particular. To cite one example of this integration: During midnight mass on Christmas Eve in St. Paul’s Cathedral in Calcutta, the rush of Hindus is so heavy that the Church installs a loudspeaker system in the large gardens surrounding the Church, so that hundreds of Hindus who could not gain entry into the Cathedral, can sit and listen to the rituals. Evangelism Jesus commanded his eleven disciples to: â€Å"†¦ go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age. † – Matthew 28:19,20 NIV. The Jesuits had evangelism as one of their stated goals, and their efforts first spread Christianity along the western â€Å"Konkan† coast of India. The Jesuits then spread both southwards (towards Madura) and northwards (towards Agra), continually converting Hindus and Muslims to Christianity. Rev. H. Hosten, S. J. writes in Jesuit Missionaries in Northern India and Inscription s on their Tombs (1580-1803): â€Å"Under (Mughal Emperor) Jahangir†¦ several Mohamedan Princes were baptized†, among them â€Å"Currown, another of Jahangir’s sons, and other of his friends (to make his way easier to the Crown) prevailed with Jahangir that his kinsmen Shaw Selym’s Brother’s Sons might be Christened; which accordingly was done in Agra†¦ that year they also baptized another Grandson of Akbar’s. † Until the Protestant Missionaries came to India in the 18th century, the Jesuits were the prime force of evangelism in India. Typical and often quoted, but not unique, proactive initiative to reach out to the Indian masses is practiced today by the Indian Theological Seminary (ITS). Founded by the Jesuits, ITS is now an interdenominational seminary located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, with Gilgal Gospel Mission as its missionary training arm. The Gilgal Gospel Mission trains men and women, and sends them out into the world at large in pairs, into Hindu villages, with a view to them establishing friendship in the villages, and starting, first, Sunday Schools and, later, Churches. ITS prepares three types of Church planters (a) bare foot evangelists (C. Th), (b) Bachelor of Theology (B. Th), and (c) Master of Divinity (M. Div). Graduates who prepare at ITS fulfill its mission of â€Å"Preaching Christ and Planting Churches† in every village, town and city. Many return to their homes in the various parts of India to continue teaching, preaching, and planting churches. Today, Christianity is India’s third-largest religion, with approximately 24 million followers, constituting 2. 3% of India’s population. The popularization of Annual Retreats amongst Priests and the Populace As noted earlier, the Jesuits avidly pursued the implementation of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius that were a set of meditations, prayers and mental exercises designed to be practiced in the form of a four week meditative retreat from normal life. The basic purpose of these retreats was to mediate the human-God relationship; and, periodically re-examine and re-validate the nuances of that relationship. Such annual retreats became popular in India not only amongst the Jesuit priests, but even amongst priests from other faiths. The concept of retreats spread to the corporate world too, and Sunanda Dutta-Ray writing in The Statesman dated January 26, 2006, mention three instances where Chief Executive Officers of large Indian corporations – all Jesuit alumni – instituted the concept of a 3-day annual retreat modeled after their experience in school. Sociological Influence The largest visible Jesuit influence on India has been the wide and deep sociological impact – in terms of the development of the Indian people and societies – that is discernible everywhere. Jesuit Education With over 30 excellent high schools, over 10 high profile colleges for higher education, and innumerable elementary schools and vocational training centers all over India, Jesuit education is much sought after in the country. The foremost examples of Jesuit higher education are the Vellore Medical College and Hospital, one of India’s foremost teaching hospitals, Xavier Labor Relations Institute, one of India’s foremost business schools. Even St. Xavier’s College in Calcutta has produced many industry leaders, the foremost amongst them is Lakshmi Mittal, whose company – ArcelorMittal – is today the world’s largest steel producer. Loyola College in Chennai has similarly produced many leaders for the country, even a President (Ramaswamy Venkataraman) and a world chess champion (Viswanathan Anand). Most of these educational institutions date back to the earlier part of the 20th century, if not earlier still, and played a vigorous role in nation-building when India became independent. Former President of India, Abdul Kalam, lauded the Jesuits’ role in India education, while opening the 6th global meet of Jesuit institutions in Calcutta: â€Å"†Jesuit institutions have a big role in the spread of modern education in the country. Being a Jesuit alumnus myself, I’m aware of the great contribution of Jesuit education not only in India but around the world† (as reported by Krittivas Mukherjee for Indo-Asian News Service). Not content to be restricted to India alone, Jesuits from Calcutta recently gave education in Afghanistan a boost, when two of them – Maria Joseph and Sahaya Jude – recently travelled to the war-torn country and started training students and teachers (as reported in the The Telegraph, Jan 4, 2010). It should be mentioned in passing that all Jesuit education in India is completely secular. Catholic students are given additional training in Catechism, but students of other faiths are usually treated to a secular Moral Science lecture, or – at most – a watered down Bible History. Jesuit Social Work Jesuits have deeply been involved in social work and social reform. Whole books can be written on this subject alone, because these engagements have been – and continue to be – so numerous and so vigorous. Caritas India has been at the forefront of traditional social work, as the front organization for Catholic Charities, with thousands of people and hundreds of project sites spanning all across the country. It is only one of the more visible ones; in general, almost every Jesuit organization practices social work in its immediate vicinity, and engages the students of all its nationwide institutions in social activities. For instance, the Vidyajyoti College of Theology in Delhi has very active prison ministry, hospital ministry, slum ministry, tribal ministry, neighborhood ministry, and even a railway platform ministry. Many Jesuits ventured out into the villages and made a mark with their social activism. Just one such example is Father Michael Anthony Windey (1921-2009), founder of the Village Reconstruction Organization (VRO), who joined the Jesuits in 1938, traveled to India in 1946 and was ordained a priest in 1950. When he passed away in Belgium in 2009 while under treatment for cancer, he was mourned by the Church, social workers and villagers in India, because he had dedicated his life to using Gandhian methods to revolutionize village life in India. Said Father A. X. J. Bosco, a former head of the Jesuits? Andhra Pradesh province who has worked as VRO? operational director: â€Å"Father Windey was never bothered about the religion of the person he helped. While selecting villages, he always chose to help the poorest village. † Social Activism The involvement of the Jesuits extended to social activism, sometimes of a kind even questioned by the Vatican. Rone Tempest, staff writer, rep orted in the L. A. Times, Jan 21, 1986, on the Pope’s visit to India: â€Å"Significantly, the Pope will not visit the northern Bihar Muzafapur area, where radical Catholic priests have recently organized Hindu serfs against powerful landlords, some of whom even maintain their own armies for private wars against their foes and bands of roving bandits, or dacoits. Similarly, when he visits the Catholic stronghold state of Kerala in southern India, he has no plans to visit areas in which radical priests and nuns, India’s version of South America’s â€Å"liberation theologists,† have organized sailboat fishermen, mostly Hindus and Muslims, against the motorized fishing trawler industry. † Leadership Training Service (LTS) LTS – short for Leadership Training Service – is a unique contribution by the Jesuits to Indian society. Initiated by five students of the Goethals Memorial School in Kurseong, West Bengal in 1959, Fr. Robert Wirth of St. Xavier’s School, Sahibganj, Bihar, was selected to lead the movement in 1970. Fr. Wirth did just that for the next 21 years from the LTS headquarter in Calcutta, and spread the movement to Jesuit educational institutes in 24 States. The LTS motto is: â€Å"For God and Country†, and resonated strongly with a developing India. The LTS vision involves the four-fold objectives of: (a) Personality Development; (b) Leadership Skills; (c) Social Awareness; and, Social Responsibility that leads to social development. The movement articulates this as â€Å"a journey from ‘I Consciousness’ (initiated through Personality development and mastering leadership skills) to ‘We Consciousness’ (achieved through inculcating social awareness and exercising social responsibility that leads to social development)† (as stated on its website: www. LTSworld. com). The LTS celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2009, and brought Fr. Robert Wirth – who collaborated in the writing of this paper – all the way from Malta to the LTS headquarters in Calcutta. Today there are reportedly over 15,000 LTSers working towards India’s progress. Leadership Lessons from the Jesuits Consistent and long-term success is never a result of accident or luck. The Jesuits have demonstrated strong leadership qualities throughout their 500 year history in India. Servant Leadership The Jesuits, through their disciplined and exemplary behavior, became role models for the Indian populace who observed them, interacted with them, and learned from them. Influencing through exemplary behavior is a fundamental tenet of servant leadership. The Jesuits also extensively and deeply served the people whose lives they touched, through social work, educational institutions, hospitals and other missions. This service was, and continues to be, in the best tradition of servitude demonstrated by Christ. Transformation Leadership Mark Pousson, Program Director for Service Learning at The Reinert Center for Teaching Excellence at the St. Louis University writes in The Notebook, a publication of the Reinert Center: â€Å"Historically, the Jesuits espouse the power of transformation through conversation,† (Vol 11, Issue 4), and goes on to say that Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit order, readily engaged people in conversation about God and spirituality. It is from his value of transformation through experiences that Saint Ignatius companions infused transformation in what is known as the Jesuit tradition of education. Jesuits heavily utilized this power of transformation through pedagogy and education in India, and – as earlier stated in this article – has left an indelible mark on the Indian education landscape. The Jesuits also practiced transformational leadership by inspiring Indians to strive for something better than they were used to, to push the limit, and to aim for excellence. Evidence of this is plentiful, but particular note may be taken of the Jesuit’s LTS (Leadership Training Service) initiative described earlier, which was a totally new concept in India when it was started in 1959, and continues to inspire and build the current generation of young leaders in the 21st century. In fact, the LTS movement resonates strongly with one of the fundamentals goal of transformation leadership: the make leaders out of followers. The Annual Retreats that the Jesuits taught the Indians and popularized amongst people of faith as well as the corporate world, was another instance where people were inspired and motivated to implement and practice innovative leadership solutions for everyday problems. Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership was commonly practiced by the Jesuits. A very common example was the exchange of better medical care for conversion to Christianity. It was a subtle but effective message. When the Jesuits set up modern medical care facilities in rural India – especially in the Tribal areas where people were not even Hindus, but practiced some form of pantheism – it is widely believed that it was not so much the preaching as the access to modern medical care that converted lots of tribal people to Christianity. Social Learning Theory Jesuit social activism, social work and its military-like discipline – all widely admired by the Hindus of India – triggered the positive effects of the Social Learning Theory, which argues that people learn best through a 3-step emulation process defined as: (a) observation, (b) imitation, and (c) modeling. When people like behavior they would like to emulate, they are motivated to do so on their own without having to be compelled in some covert or overt manner to oblige. Social Learning Theory, therefore, has feeds into the Servant Leadership theory, because servant leaders aim to influence followers through exemplary action and self-motivated emulation. The Jesuits in India put both servant leadership and social learning theories to good use. Epilogue In closing, a short acknowledgment says it all: Without the Jesuits, India would be a different country. How to cite The Jesuit Legacy in India, Papers

Rauschenberg as a Reflection of Three Philosophers free essay sample

This paper discusses Robert Rauschenbergs painting Persimmon from the concepts presented by Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty and Nietzsche. The author states that Rauschenbergs Persimmon does not look like a real subject, yet it is a real thing. From Heidegger, the strife between the rational and the irrational is the key to art. From Merleau-Ponty, the strength of Rauschenbergs work is found in its inherent irrationality. From Nietzsche, art represents the strife inherent in human condition. Rauschenberg frequently takes subjects from nature (again, as is traditional in Asian art) and reconfigures them in a bright, compiled, collage-style form, so that the apparently surface perceptions of nature and color become slightly askew. One is cognizant of the fact that one is observing something simple and natural but not necessarily observing the subject as one might in so-called real life and in nature. One feels as if one is viewing the artists perceptions of what is real, rather than the thing itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Rauschenberg as a Reflection of Three Philosophers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page